The Strelitzia family: origin, varieties and growing tips
The Strelitzia family, also known as the “bird of paradise” because of the exuberant shape of their flowers, is one of the most popular among exotic gardeners and tropical flower lovers. No exotic garden, no tropical greenhouse worthy of the name is without at least one representative of this royal family.
The name “Strelitzia” pays homage to Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III of the United Kingdom, and reflects the historical link between botany and European nobility in the 18th century. These majestic plants are distinguished as much by their spectacular flowers as by their foliage.
But what are the origins of this fascinating family of plants? And how can we care for each of its varieties so that they thrive in our gardens or inside our homes? Let’s explore together the history, characteristics and growing secrets of Strelitzias.
History and geographical origin of Strelitzias
Discovery and Origin of Strelitzias
Strelitzia reginae, the first species of this family to be discovered, was officially identified and named in 1773 by Sir Joseph Banks, British botanist and scientific advisor to King George III. The discovery took place in South Africa, in the Cape region, where the plant grows naturally in coastal and mountainous areas. Strelitzia belong to the Strelitziaceae family, closely related to the Musaceae (banana family), which explains the striking resemblance between the Strelitzias’ leaves and the ones the Banana trees.
The geographic origin of Strelitzias is mainly restricted to southern Africa, notably South Africa and Mozambique. They are mainly found in subtropical environments with temperate climates, although some species have adapted well to other parts of the world. Strelitzia reginae has been widely grown in European gardens since the 19th century, thanks to its visual appeal and ability to adapt to milder climates.
The other varieties, lesser known, have been discovered over the years in the same geographical region. Strelitzia juncea (predominantly orange flowers) was first discovered in 1826, followed by Strelitzia Nicolai (predominantly white flowers) in 1856. As their habit and flower are very similar to those of the Nicolai, the identification of Strelitzia alba (1912) and Strelitzia caudata (1946) will take longer.
And yes, of the five Strelitzia varieties, only two have orange flowers. Surprising, isn’t it?
Some botanical characteristics of strelitzias
Foliage of the Strelitzias
Strelitzia foliage is generally broad and leathery. Spear-shaped for Reginae, rush-shaped for Juncea and fan-shaped for the others, Strelitzia leaves can reach up to two meters in length for Strelitzia nicolai. Their robust texture enables them to withstand the varied climatic conditions of their native habitats, from extreme heat to cool nights. The color of the leaves is generally deep green, sometimes with lighter, bluish shades or red edges, adding to their visual appeal.
Flowers of the Stelitzias
Strelitzia flowers are their most remarkable feature. Isolated or grouped in spectacular inflorescences, they often resemble birds in flight, earning them their common name. The flowers consist of petals and sepals, with a color palette ranging from blue to orange and yellow. Flowering generally takes place in spring and summer, attracting pollinators such as birds, especially hummingbirds. This pollination is aided by the unique structure of the flowers, which close when the bird feeds, guaranteeing the transfer of pollen.
Reproduction of the Strelitzias
Strelitzias flowers are hermaphroditic, meaning they contain both male and female organs. After pollination, often by birds or bats in their natural habitat, the fruits take the form of woody capsules containing shiny black and orange seeds. These capsules open when the fruit is ripe, dispersing the seeds into the environment. The seeds, because of their size and robustness, are well adapted to germination in rich, well-drained soils.
The different varieties of Strelitzia and their specific characteristics
According to the Kew Garden World Checklist, the Strelitzia family comprises five varieties, each with distinct characteristics in terms of appearance and habitat.
The Strelitzia reginae
Strelitzia reginae or Bird of paradise is the most popular and widely grown variety worldwide. It is characterized by brightly colored flowers, usually bright orange with a touch of intense blue, which resemble the head of a tropical bird. The flowers emerge from large, pointed bracts, called “spathea”, which resemble beaks. This species can reach heights of around 1 to 1.5 meters, with leathery, slightly bluish, spear-shaped green leaves.
Strelitzia reginae are particularly prized for decorating gardens and terraces, especially in Mediterranean climates, where they add an exotic, colorful touch.
Among the Strelitzia reginae cultivars, Mandela’s gold is particularly interesting; after years of natural selection, the South African Biodiversity Institute has succeeded in creating a flower where orange is replaced by a sumptuous golden yellow, dark blue by light blue.
The Strelitzia Nicolai or Giant white bird of paradise
Strelitzia nicolai, often called Giant white bird of paradise or Natal wild banana, is the big lug of the Strelitzia family. Its flowers combine the gigantism of their size (cheerfully 30 cm) with the delicacy of their colors, pure white, blue, purple and black. This plant can reach impressive heights of up to 10 meters in its natural habitat. It is distinguished by its broad leaves, which can reach up to 2 meters in length, creating dense shade in tropical gardens. Its fan-shaped habit is reminiscent of its Malagasy cousin, the Traveller’s Tree. Because of its imposing size, this variety is ideal for spacious gardens or as a spectacular houseplant in large spaces with sufficient headroom.
Strelitzia juncea - Rush leaved strelitzia
Strelitzia juncea, or Rush leaved strelitzia is a rarer species, much sought-after by collectors. Unlike the other varieties, its beautiful bluish-green leaves are reduced to long, rigid, rush-like tubes, giving it a more sculptural appearance. The flowers, though smaller, are similar to those of Strelitzia reginae, but this species is especially appreciated for its graphic, modern appearance. Juncea is also the hardiest of the Strelitzia family. Short, light frosts are nothing to be afraid of! This variety is slower-growing and more compact, making it ideal for those looking for a plant that doesn’t take up too much space and remains elegant.
Strelitzia caudata - Mountain strelitzia
Strelitzia caudata, also known as “Mountain Strelitzia”, is native to the mountainous regions of southeast Africa. This lesser-known species also produces white flowers, but is distinguished by its higher natural habitat, capable of withstanding slightly cooler climatic conditions. Plants can reach 5 to 8 meters in height and are mostly grown in botanical gardens or natural landscapes in Africa.
Strelitzia alba
Strelitzia alba, formerly known as Strelitzia augusta, is a tall variety with majestic white flowers. Unlike Strelitzia nicolai, its flowers are entirely white without the typical blue contrast. This shrub can reach up to 6 meters in height and is found mainly along the South African coast. Although less common in ornamental gardens, it is nonetheless appreciated for its spectacular flowering and imposing appearance.
Growing tips, how to grow a Strelitzia?
Despite their exotic appearance, Strelitzias are relatively hardy plants that are easy to care for. Here are a few growing tips, as well as the specific characteristics of each variety
How to display a Strelitzia?
A l’extérieur, les Strelitzias aiment la lumière et se plaisent particulièrement dans des environnements bien ensoleillés. Les variétés comme le Strelitzia reginae et le Strelitzia juncea apprécient une exposition directe au soleil, tandis que les plus grandes variétés comme le Strelitzia nicolai et le Strelitzia alba peuvent être placées dans des endroits semi-ombragés.
Dans les régions du sud de l’Europe, les périodes de canicules se multipliant, préférez cependant une exposition mi ombre, le soleil pouvant endommager le feuillage
Pour une culture en intérieur, veillez à les placer près d’une fenêtre lumineuse. Le manque de lumière peut ralentir la croissance et réduire la floraison.
En intérieur, une fenêtre orientée vers l’ouest ou le sud est idéale tant le Strelitzia aime la lumière abondante ; celle-ci peut être indirecte.
When to repot?
If you buy your Baobab as a young plant, repot it up to twice a year for the first few years, gradually increasing the pot size. Sooner rather than later, you’ll need a deeper pot to allow the taproot to develop properly.
What kind of soil for strelitzias?
Strelitzias prefer well-drained, slightly acidic soil.
In the garden, a mixture of garden soil with sand and compost is ideal.
In pots, a mixture of houseplant potting soil, sand and perlite is ideal for good drainage. You can also add a little garden soil for a more consistent substrate, but it must always allow water to drain quickly.
It’s essential not to let Strelitzia roots soak in water, as this can lead to rotting. Moderate watering is recommended: wait until the soil is dry before watering again.
During winter, reduce watering to allow the plant to go dormant. Strelitzia reginae is particularly sensitive to excess water, while larger varieties such as Strelitzia nicolai are more tolerant of humidity fluctuations.
How hardy is a Bird of Paradise?
How should I water my Bird of Paradise?
This plant likes its substrate to be kept slightly moist, but not soggy. Water regularly during the growing season (spring and summer), ensuring that the soil dries out between waterings. In autumn and winter, reduce the frequency of watering, as the plant enters a resting period and needs less water.
Repotting frequency
Strelitzias can take up a lot of space.
For the first few years, at each repotting, choose a slightly larger pot to allow the roots to spread, but do so gradually.
There are two reasons for this: 1. strelitzia likes to be slightly cramped in its pot, which can encourage flowering; 2. the space you give it at the bottom, it will take up at the top too. This isn’t a problem with the “orange varieties”; but with Nicolai you could quickly be in over your head.
Note that strelitzia roots develop very quickly and can be impressive, very impressive! Some of our young plants, especially Juncea, can be veritable “plant icebergs”. You’re in for a real surprise!
Tip: if you don’t want to increase the size of your Strelitzia and its root network has become too extensive, don’t hesitate to prune it back, even severely. Your bird of paradise won’t mind.
Threats and diseases
Strelitzia is relatively hardy, but can be prone to a few problems:
– Pests : Mealybugs, aphids and red spiders are the main threats. Inspect the plant regularly and, if infested, treat with soapy water.
– Root rot: Excessive soil moisture can lead to root rot, especially if drainage is poor. Watering must be carefully controlled.
– Leaf spots: These brown or black spots can appear if the plant is over-watered or exposed to high humidity conditions. Make sure the environment is well ventilated and do not water the leaves directly.
The different varieties of Strelitzia and their specific characteristics
Among the Zulus, an indigenous people of southern Africa, these plants are associated with independence and freedom. They are also associated with the idea of immortality. The flowers, resembling exotic birds ready to take flight, are seen as symbols of spiritual emancipation. In some parts of South Africa, bouquets of Strelitzia are traditionally given to celebrate happy events such as weddings or births, as a sign of prosperity and lasting happiness.
